Prevalence and Risk Factors of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Kenya: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Helicobacter pylori infection is a major cause of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancer worldwide. Limited data exists on H. pylori prevalence and associated risk factors in Kenya.

Objective: This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection in various regions of Kenya.

Methods: We enrolled 1,248 participants (ages 18–65) from both urban and rural settings across Kenya between January 2021 and December 2022. H. pylori status was determined using stool antigen testing. Demographic data and information on potential risk factors were collected through structured questionnaires. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent risk factors associated with H. pylori positivity.

Results: The overall prevalence of H. pylori infection was 53.8% (95% CI: 51.0–56.6%). Prevalence was significantly higher in urban (62.4%) compared to rural areas (45.2%, p<0.001). Multivariable analysis identified the following independent risk factors for H. pylori infection: lower education level (aOR 1.78, 95% CI: 1.24–2.55), shared housing with >3 people per room (aOR 2.13, 95% CI: 1.46–3.12), use of untreated water (aOR 1.95, 95% CI: 1.35–2.83), and history of dyspeptic symptoms (aOR 1.67, 95% CI: 1.18–2.36). Regular consumption of fermented dairy products was associated with reduced odds of infection (aOR 0.72, 95% CI: 0.53–0.97).

Conclusion: H. pylori infection remains highly prevalent in Kenya, particularly in urban settings. Socioeconomic factors, crowded housing conditions, and water source are significant risk factors. These findings highlight the need for public health interventions targeting improved living conditions, safe water access, and H. pylori awareness to reduce infection rates and associated disease burden in Kenya.